Essence of the Main Concepts of the Theory of Forensic Examination: Method and Methodology

Abstract

The article analyzes the concepts of "method" and "methodology" as fundamental categories within the theory of forensic examination. It highlights the distinction between these terms, as well as the substantive differences between a method, technique, approach, and operation, defining their respective functional orientations.

The study outlines the objectives, structural elements, and categories of methodology, alongside various analytical approaches to its study. It examines philosophical (general), discipline-specific, and special methodologies, as well as specific research techniques and classification methods used in forensic science.

Furthermore, the paper provides grounds for a comprehensive and objective evaluation of forensic methods and techniques. It establishes the key functions performed by both method and methodology, identifying the paramount ones.

The article explores complex research methods employed in forensic examination as a distinct scientific domain. It demonstrates that, based on the degree of generality, five distinct levels of methodological analysis can be identified in forensic science. Methodological frameworks within forensic examination are shown to be closely tied to the principles of legal regulation and the epistemological application of theoretical concepts in investigative, judicial, and expert practice.

Finally, the work addresses the structural components and principles of methodology (including philosophical, general scientific, and special levels), as well as its core functions—such as generalizing, extrapolating, critical, heuristic, argumentative, explanatory, and interpretative—while examining the fundamental relationship between theory and methodology.