Keywords
mnestic reasons
unreliable testimony
preliminary investigation
memory impairment
investigative (search) actions
investigator
How to Cite
Abstract
The article states that the investigator must be well aware of the various reasons for conscious or unconscious misrepresentation or reporting of false testimony by a person. These reasons are conditionally divided by the author into psychological, social and psychophysiological. The essence of the main psychophysiological mnestic reasons for a person's unintentional giving of unreliable testimony during investigative (search) actions is revealed. The author includes repressed memories and types of memory disorders as such causes: dysmnesia (hypermnesia, hypomnesia and different variants of amnesia (anterograde, retrograde, delayed, fixation, reversal, congrats and progressive) and paramnesia (confabulation, pseudo reminiscence, cryptomnesia, echomnesia and phantasms). The meaningful essence and peculiarities of the influence of repressed memories and types of memory disorders (dysmnesia and paramnesia) on the person's testimony are revealed. It is emphasized that since the preliminary investigation and trial process relies on the memory of the suspect, the accused or the witness, any kind of memory impairment can have significant consequences in these areas. Because it gives reason to doubt the person's testimony and confessions. Therefore, the investigator in the process of carrying out investigative (search) actions must be vigilant and prudent in order to verify the information and collect and obtain accurate information from the subject of the pre-trial investigation. And for this, he must know well the substantive essence of the main types of violations of cognitive, volitional, emotional and motivational processes and states, as well as the criteria for their diagnosis.
References
Havenko, V. L., Bitenskyi, V. S. (Eds.) (2009). Psychiatry and narcology. Kyiv. P. 83-512. (in Ukrainian).
Biletskyi, Ye. M., Biletska, H. A. (Eds.) (2008). Forensic medicine and forensic psychiatry. Educational manual. Kyiv. 200 p. (in Ukrainian).
Tsilmak, O. M.(2018). The main tasks of the investigator for the verification of witness testimony. Criminalistics and Forensics. Issue 64. P. 200-209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2019.64.17 (access date 18.03.2023) (in Ukrainian).
Tsilmak, O. M.(2021). The main models of behavior of persons of different types of character accentuation when they provide false information about the circumstances of a criminal offense and tactics for verifying this information. Criminalistics and Forensics. Issue 66. P.240-252. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2021.66.24 (access date 18.03.2023) (in Ukrainian).
Tsilmak, O. M. (2022). Factors of uncon-scious distortion of testimony by a person. Criminalistics and Forensics. Issue 67. P. 658-671. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2022.67.66 (access date 18.03.2023)(in Ukrainian).
Khalmuradov, B. D., Shvachko, O. H. (2008). Forensic psychiatry: basic terms and concepts. Education a handbook. Kyiv. 77 p. (in Ukrainian).
Ackil, J. K., & Zaragoza, M. S. (1998). Memorial consequences of forced confa-bulation: Age differences in susceptibility to false memories. Developmental Psycho-logy. 34(6). P. 1358-1372. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.6.1358 (access date 15.03.2023) (in English).
Alderman, N., Fry, R. K., Youngson, H. A. (1955). Improvement of self-monitoring skills, reduction of behaviour disturbance and the dysexecutive syndrome: Comparison of response cost and a new programme of self-monitoring training. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation.(3).1. P. 93-221. (in English).
Brown J, Long-McGi J, Oberoi P, Wartnik A, Wresh J, et al.(2014). Confabulation: Connections between brain damage, memory and testimony. The Journal of Law Enforcement. P. 1-11. Retrieved from:10. 23937/2378-3001/1410070 (access date 15.03.2023) (in English).
Bleule, M.(1974). The long-term course of the schizophrenic psychoses. Psycholo-gical Medicine. 4. P. 244 – 254.(in English).
Clare, I. C. H., Gudjonsson, G. H. (1995). The Vulnerability of Suspects with Intellectual Disabilities During Police Interviews: A Review and Experimental Study of Decision Making. Mental Handicap. 8. P. 110-128. (in English).
Jerrod Brown, Deb Huntley, Stephen Morgan, Kimberly D Dodson and Janina Cich (Eds.) (2017). Confabulation: A Guide for Mental Health Professionals. Review article. Volume 4. Issue 2. P. 1-9. DOI: 10.23937 /2378-3001/1410070. Retrieved from: https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijnn/international-journal-of-neurology-and-neurotherapy-ijnn-4-070.php (access date 15.03.2023) (in English).
Dalla Barba, G., Boisse, M. F. (2010). Temporal consciousness and confabulation: Is medial temporal lobe «temporal»? Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. P. 95-117. (in English).
Dayus, B., Vanden Broek, M. D. (2000). Treatment of stable delusional confabu-lations using self-monitoring training. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. Volume 10. Issue. P. 415-427. DOI:10.1080/096020 100411998. 15.03.2023) (in English)
Fast, D. K., Conry, J.(2004). The challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome in the criminal legal system. Addiction Biology. Jun. 9(2). P. 167-178. DOI: 10.1080/135562 10410001717042 (in English)
Fotopoulou, A. (2008). False selves in neuropsychological rehabilitation: The challenge of confabulation. Neuropsycho-logical Rehabilitation. 18(5-6). P. 541-565 DOI:10.1080/09602010802083545 (in English).
Gudjonsson, G. H. (2003). The psycho-logy of interrogations and confessions: A handbook. 704 р. (in English).
Gudjonsson, G. H., Clare, I. C. (1995). The relationship between confabulation and intellectual ability, memory, interrogative suggestibility and acquiescence. Personality and Individual Differences. Issue 19. P. 333-338 (in English).
Brain Fiction(2005). Self-deception and the riddle of confabulation. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1660.001.0001(access date 06.01.2023) (in English).
Kahlbaum, K. L. (1878). Die klinisch-diagnostischen Gesichtspunkte der Pathologie., Leipzig. 144 р. (in German).
Mercer, B., Wapner, W., Gardner, H., Benson, D. F. (1977). A study of confabulation. Arch Neurol. Issue 34. P. 429-433 (in English).
Moscovitch, M., Confabulation, In D. L. Schacter (Eds.) (1995). Memory distortions: How minds, brains, and societies reconstruct the past. P. 226-251(in English).
Natalie Novick Brown, Gisli Gudjonsson, and Paul Connor. (2011). Suggestibility and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: I'll Tell You Anything You Want to Hear. Volume 39, Issue 1. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/ 10.1177/00931853110390010 (access date 06.01.2023) (in English).
Smith, P. H. (1995). Confabulation among forensic inpatients and its rela-tionship with memory, suggestibility, compli-ance, anxiety, and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences. 19(4), P. 517–523. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(95)00085-K (access date 04.01.2023) (in English).