Блог

O. Rodiukova; H. Shovkova

Summary

The article presents the arguments in favor of the need to identify signs of artificial aged while conducting some types of technical examination of documents. An approximate list of features is presented, which are practically revealed in artificially aged documents by visual and microscopic methods. The objective criteria of the suitability of artificially aged documents for further research during the conducting of examinations concerning the establishment of absolute time and the sequence of application of the requisites in the documents are proposed.

O. Sych; T. Kot

Summary

The main types of cooling liquids for motor vehicles are considered. Various liquids are used to cool internal combustion engines. In the warm season, when the air temperature is above 00 С, the best cooling liquid is water. At temperatures below 00 С, liquids with a low freezing point – antifreeze are used. Low-freezing coolants – antifreezes are prepared by mixing water with one or more components that have the ability to lower the freezing point of the solution. The best lowfreezing coolants are mixtures of water with glycols – ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. To improve performance, an additive package is added to the antifreeze compound. Depending on the nature of the additives, modern antifreezes are divided into three types: traditional, carboxylate and hybrid.

Traditional antifreezes (“tosol cooling liquid” and modifications) contain inorganic additives and have small (no more than 2 years) service life, while they do not withstand high (more than 1080 C) temperatures. According to the proposed classification of the Volkswagen Audi Group, traditional antifreezes with inorganic additives are designated G11.

Hybrid antifreezes (G11+) contain organic and inorganic inhibitors (usually silicates or phosphates). Service life is up to 3 years.

Carboxylate antifreeze (G12) contains corrosion inhibitors based on higher carboxylic acids salts (carboxylates). Carboxylate antifreezes have the longest operating life; it is up to 5 years.

Establishing the nature of additives is an urgent task in the study of cooling fluids for motor vehicles.

It has been proposed to use the method of molecular spectroscopy in the infrared region of the spectrum for the identification of carboxylate additives in antifreeze. For the study, evaporated antifreeze samples are used. Carboxylate additives are characterized by the presence of absorption bands caused by vibrations of carboxyl groups (COOH) at 1560 cm-1 to 1580 cm-1. The above absorption bands are not typical for traditional (G11) and hybrid (G11+) antifreezes and can be used to identify carboxylate additives in the composition of cooling liquids. This makes it possible to differentiate antifreezes by species.

During performance testing of various types of antifreezes, it has been found that carboxylate antifreezes are inert to products (automotive radiators) made of aluminium and aluminium alloys, whereas traditional and hybrid antifreezes have corrosive effects on aluminium and its alloys. The results of operational tests of various types of antifreeze will be considered in the next publication.

D. Zaitsev; V. Prystupa

Summary

The definition and comparison of the elemental composition of micro-particles of various origins is usually one of the mandatory research stages in many areas of forensic examination of materials, substances and products.

Taking into account the small amount of substance in micro-particles and the need for them to at least partially preserve the widely used methods of atomic emission, absorption, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for further studies, it often turns out to be ineffective or inappropriate.

The study of the experience of the physicochemical laboratories of the world’s leading research institutes forensic expertise confirms that the best way to study microscopic particles is to scan electron microscopy with X-ray fluorescence microanalysis (SEM-EDS).

The possibilities of using SEM-EDS in expert research of micro-particles on a number of practical examples (shot products, toners of printing devices, inorganic phosphors, inserts in jewelry) are considered as well. These methodological approaches can be adapted to study the elemental composition of almost for any micro-particles containing inorganic components.

The possibilities of using SEM-EDS in expert research of micro-particles on a number of practical examples (shot products, toners of printing devices, inorganic phosphors, inserts in jewelry) are considered as well.

These methodological approaches can be adapted to study the elemental composition of almost for any micro-particles containing inorganic components.

F. Kakhanovskyi; O. Posilskyi

Summary

A distinctive feature of the current drug trafficking is the expansion of their range, as numerous legal medicines (opioids, opioid analgesics) of side effects (narcotic, psychotropic) appear when used in large doses. In addition, their number increases in the form of illegal turnover.

Opioids are a class of drugs of different chemical structure. In opioid analgesics are usually understood all natural and semi-synthetic derivatives of alkaloids, as well as synthetic drugs simulating the effect of morphine.

Recently, cases of non-medical use of drugs of such opioids as nalbuphine, naloxone, and also pregabalin have become more frequent.

Quite recently a new drug of Pfizer Company – pregabalin (LYRICA) has been registered in the USA and Europe. This drug is a continuation of the development of specific drugs that act independently of the etymology of the central and peripheral mechanisms of neuropathic pain and provide high efficiency of relief of neuropathic pain syndrome.

The main purpose of this article is to raise the awareness of investigators, experts about the possibility of using certain medicines for non-medical purposes.

R. Yakymenko

Summary

In the article on the basis of the generalization of expert practice in forensic lever locks research, on the example of research of lever locks, the signs are shown, which are reflected in the tracks on the details of the locks when opened by their native and selected keys. On the examples of several expert researches on practice, the stage of comparative research is described when comparing conformal traces to component parts of locks (lever tumblers) with working surfaces of the key beards. As examples, a list of signs and traces that are formed on the surfaces of the details of locks, in the process of opening them and native and selected keys. It is indicated the significance of this stage of study of lever locks for the purpose of their disclosure. The descriptions and illustrations of comparison of the detected traces with native and selected keys, which were used to open the locks investigated are given. Similarly, the article describes the algorithm of conducting similar studies and the approach to integrated assessment, as the traces themselves on the details of the lock mechanism, and the native keys, which created the operational traces on the details of the locks. The necessity of carrying out the stage of comparative research, determination of the mechanism of formation of traces and the necessary and sufficient complexes of signs of disclosing a lever lock with a selection key are determined. It is indicated the possibility of establishing a specific non-native key, which opened the investigated lock.

According to the results of the analysis, the recommendations for a comprehensive expert approach to the assessment of the characteristics that are reflected in the traces revealed in the research objects.

Yu. Prykhodko

Summary

The article stipulates the need to neutralize explosive devices and explosive subjects with the help of special equipment, special services and units, both law enforcement agencies and military specialists. It is analyzed the peculiarities of the structures and technical characteristics of the hydro-destroyer for the destruction of explosive subjects. Both existing samples of hydraulic cannons and new developments of hydraulic destructive devices are considered, which effectively work with the destruction (neutralization) of explosive devices located in hard-toreach places or have enlarged overall dimensions. As an example, the article describes the new developments proposed by the scientists at the National Academy of Internal Affairs, which are patented as a useful model and have advantages over existing developments. The article also gives a brief description of explosives and their properties when the temperature of the environment changes and when exposed to them in the body and without the body. In the study of hydraulic destructors, special attention was paid to the possibility of safe destruction of explosive devices in hard-to-reach places. This article can be useful for both practitioners and scientists. The analysis made in the article encourages the improvement of existing hydro-destroyer technical means and the development of new ones, taking into account their use in the investigation of criminal offenses committed with the use of explosive devices.

A. Kofanov

Summary

The theoretical and practical aspects of ricochet modeling are considered in the expert experiment in conditions of limited space (in laboratory conditions). The methodological foundations and the prerequisites for the creation and improvement of appropriate forensic techniques are considered. The statistical results of the expert experiments carried out with different obstacle surfaces, most frequently encountered during inspections of the scene of the occurrence of the use (use) of firearms or constructively similar items are given. The possibilities and advantages of using the following complex of technical means are briefly formulated.

The history of the study of gunshot injuries dates back several centuries. By the beginning of the 21st century, significant results have been achieved in studying forensic ballistics: morphological signs of the entrance and exit gunshot wounds have been established depending on the type of weapons, ammunition, the range of the shot, the features of gunshot injuries of bone tissue, the features of gunshot injuries formed during shots through the barrier, formulated the principles of ballistic experiments and much more. At the same time, very little attention has been paid to the issue of damage generation in the ricochet of a firearm. An analysis of the literature available to us shows that today there are no differential diagnostic signs of gunshot lesions formed after bullet ricochet in forensic science and practice, which does not allow to objectively state the existence of a bounce in each specific case, to establish the angle and distance of the shot, and also, the nature of the obstacle from which the ricochet occurred. The absence of a set of criteria for this variety of gunshot injuries can lead to diagnostic errors during forensic expert studies.

The results of our studies allowed us to formulate preliminary interim conclusions:

1. The study of firearms resulting from the ricochets of the bullet is relevant and practically significant, as evidenced by the fundamental differences in the legal assessment of the actions of the person who shot at the setting of signs of ricocheting, in contrast to the situation in which such signs were not detected, as well as lack of elaboration of differential diagnostic criteria for this type of firearms.

2. Designed (improved) and tested original installation, which allows to create a model of the rifle of a firearm in the conditions of a laboratory experiment, as well as change the parameters of obstacles (barriers) in the process of conducting research.

3. Proven experimentally, the possibility of using (application) of polymeric composites, etc. materials made using a 3D printer to simulate surfaces from crime scenes (using firearms) in the absence of the use of “real” surface samples.

4. The formulated methodical recommendations for carrying out experiments with the purpose of obtaining firearms from the action of the reciprocating ball in different circumstances have been approved.

T. Yurchuk

Summary

The essence of biometric security consists in the use of electronic identification systems based on unique biological features and in determining the access rights of this person to one or another system. Biometrics deals with two issues: data acquisition and verification (identification of the personality) – comparison of newly obtained data with data obtained earlier and stored in memory. Identification of fingerprints by today is the most commonly used biotechnology.

The basis of any biometric access control system is a sensor that “removes” some physical characteristics of a person. The output signal of the sensor is translated into a digital form, extracting only useful information using mathematical algorithms and preserving the received information in memory.

When identifying a person, a reprint is taken, transforming it into a template using the same algorithms as when inserting the template into memory and comparing the two templates obtained with each other to decide on their identity.

In systems that work with fingerprints are used two main methods: correlation and method of miniatures. The first one is rather universal and can be used practically all biometric technologies. The second is the main method in fingerprinting, but the comparison of the template in memory and the newly received template is complicated by the fact that it is impossible to attach the finger to the scanner twice equally. In this case, there is not only a shift and rotation of the drawings, but also deformation, the loss of part of the miniatures.

The problem of reduction of hardware expenses can be solved having replaced identification that is comparisons of the received template with the database of earlier remembered reference templates, verification that is comparisons of the print which is again received when scanning with the only sample. This only sample gets out of the database because the user identifies previously also make introduction of a code from the keyboard, presentation of the payment card or other similar way.

Dactyloscopic systems do not guarantee the correct identification, on this account, introduced two very important parameters: the level of false admission and the level of false failure. The first determines the probability of admittance to the third party protected when the system accepts it as its own. The second parameter, on the contrary, determines the probability that a person whose imprint in the database will not be allowed (from the first time, from the second or third time, perhaps, a person may be passed).

And it is one more sad fact… Some people do not have a papillary pattern on their fingers. There is a following statistics: about 5-8% of people have “bad” prints from the point of view of recognition, and from 2 to 3% do not have them at all in general (various pathologies and skin diseases). The facts of making false prints are also established.

А. Babkov

Summary

It is considered the problematic aspects of posthumous handwriting research of signatures that arise experts examinations. It is noted that during carrying out posthumous handwritting examinations of signatures executed in the main and additional lease of land by persons who at the time of the research were already dead, there are certain difficulties. In order to minimize expert mistakes and avoid false conclusions, the experts provided practical recommendations for the study, grouping and selection of free samples of the deceased, for further use in the identification study as a comparative material.

H. Yankovych

Summary

The interests of the fight against crime require not only the constant expansion of the capabilities of forensic science, deep theoretical and experimental studies of objects that fall into the sphere of justice, but also the constant improvement of scientific and methodological work of forensic expert institutions with law enforcement and judicial authorities.

It is important to inform investigators, judges, prosecutors, investigators about new developments in forensic examination with the occurring of new technologies, and on the basis of the analysis of forensic and expert practice to assist them in the active use of special knowledge in the fight against offenses.

By organizing an expert work, Kyiv Scientific Research Institute of Forensic Expertise is based on the need to maximize the satisfaction of practice requests. Experts believe that one of their main tasks is to conduct deep and comprehensive research at the level of modern science and technology, using all opportunities to solve the issues facing the experts.

It is necessary to conduct research in the field of forecasting the development of forensic science, necessary for the effectiveness of the search for the most promising research areas and priorities.

With the purpose of a qualitative decision of expert tasks in forensic research of documents of a new generation with elements of high-technology protection, it is necessary to adapt modern technical means for a specific task, to study technology of production of documents of new generation and to make appropriate additions to existing methods. The use of new elements of document protection of a new generation requires the development of a new set of methods for their study and appropriate modernization of existing methods.