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DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2023.68.35

E. Kryzhanovska, Yu. Havrylchenko, Yu. Solomakha, O. Kozheltseva

The article deals with the features of the study of handwritten notes and signatures made with preliminary technical preparation using modern technical means with computer support. The authors analyzed the establishment of the fact of the technical method of reproducing handwritten notes and signatures with the help of a plotter (graph plotter), which is made by a writing device, but is not handwritten. Based on expert practice, the authors concluded that in order to equip experts with methodological recommendations for establishing the fact of «a technique for reproducing handwritten notes and signatures» using modern technical means with computer support, it is necessary to conduct deeper studies that require significant financial costs, primarily associated with the acquisition of modern plotters (plotters), as well as in the development of new approaches for assessing diagnostic and identification features.

Key words: handwritten notes, signatures, preliminary technical preparation,
technical equipment, plotter, writing device.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2023.68.34

Т. Nikolaichuk, A. Bila, A. Zabuha, D. Us, V. Zdor

The article is devoted to the features of forensic handwriting examination of signatures made by persons of different ages under the influence of confounding factors. The classification of confounding factors and their influence on signs of handwriting and signatures of a person is considered. The peculiarities of signatures and samples of different age groups were studied, namely: transcription of the signature, degree of coordination, complexity and coherence of movements, the pace of writing, size, inclination, arrangement and acceleration of elements, degree and character of pressure and direction of the baseline of the signature. It is shown that three classes of tasks are distinguished in the forensic handwriting examination: identification (establishing the identity of the executor of the object of handwriting), diagnostic (resolving questions about the conditions of execution of the handwritten text, record or signature), classification (related to the assignment of the executor of the handwriting to certain groups, in particular by gender and age). A comparative analysis of the results of signature studies by different age groups was carried out. It is noted that the stability of signs of handwriting and signatures is relative. A person’s handwriting can undergo changes depending on various reasons, including those caused by the ageing of the body. In addition, the persistence of characteristic features is also influenced by diseases that are characteristic of the elderly and senile.

Key words: forensic handwriting expertise, expert research, signature, handwriting, elderly and senile persons, confounding factors.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2023.68.33

Т. Nikolaichuk

The article deals with the features of establishing the possibilities of researching signatures in the conditions of the modern development of general educational standards of writing and the changeability of writing skills in combination with the rapid development of electronic signatures. The regularities of handwriting and signature formation in the conditions of the modern development of innovative technologies are considered. It has been established that the use of an online signature (electronic digital signature) in everyday life creates a serious problem for handwriting experts. This is due to the fact that electronic digital signatures, as well as signatures made on electronic media, are not objects for handwriting studies. The traditional method of authentication and identification cannot be completely eliminated, due to the high risks of cyber-attacks.

Key words: signature, personal signature, electronic digital signature, forensic handwriting examination, forgery of documents, forensic expert.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2023.68.32

I. Krasiuk, V. Lysenko

A retrospective analysis of the state of the study of the problems of studying signatures and short handwritten notes showed that the question of the possibility of a forensic study of such handwriting objects, performed using technical techniques and means, does not lose relevance today and requires the development and application of appropriate techniques and methods.
The main directions and provisions that contribute to the improvement of the study of signatures and short handwritten notes are determined. In particular, it was concluded that while maintaining the traditional scientific, theoretical and methodological base, characteristic for the study of all handwriting records, the following is relevant when conducting an examination of small handwriting objects: organization of obtaining additional orienting information on the use of technologies when forging signatures and short handwritten notes; systematization of factors affecting the quality of manifestation of individual signs of writing; development of new recommendations on the methods of such research.
It is noted that this type of expert research, taking into account its relevance, requires an integrated approach and a thorough analysis of the theoretical foundations related to the definition of the relevant object, goals and objectives, as well as the development of new recommendations on methods for studying small-volume handwriting, performed using technical methods and means. Each such examination, appointed as handwriting, requires the expert to have knowledge not only in the field of forensic handwriting but also in the field of technical and forensic examination of documents since only an integrated approach to solving the issues raised can ensure the completeness of expert studies and the successful solution of expert tasks.

Key words: signature, small handwriting objects, short handwriting, handwriting study, technical methods and means.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2023.68.31

M. Budzievskiy

The task of establishing the authenticity of document details, primarily signatures and handwritten notes by their executor, becomes relevant in connection with the development of copying and reproduction equipment and printing devices associated with software and computer tools that allow editing original images or copying and change the content of records made on behalf of other persons and pass them off as genuine.
Traditional methods of forging a technical signature are becoming increasingly obsolete, and there is a growing need for the development of new methods and technologies for protection against forgery.
One such technology is the reproduction of signatures using reproductions, which are produced using a plotter that uses a ballpoint pen as a printing device.
This technology makes it possible to reproduce signatures with high accuracy and quality and to convey small signs of any handwritten object, which, in turn, makes it extremely difficult for an expert to establish the fact and method of its technical imitation. In connection with the use of modern techniques for reproducing handwritten objects, publications on this topic began to appear in the scientific literature, but these works are clearly not enough.
This fact arouses interest in a deeper study of the problems of using new technologies for the forgery of documents, including from experts who conduct forensic examinations in this field and need scientific development of methods of performing handwriting objects using new technical means.
The result of the presented review was practical recommendations that allow us to discover a new technique of reproduction of signatures, namely, the technology of reproduction of a signature with the help of reproduction, which is carried out with the help of a plotter. The developed recommendations can be used by forensic experts in the field of technical forensic examination of documents and will prevent possible expert errors.

Key words: signature, technical and forensic investigation of documents, signs of technical signature forgery, plotter, forensic examination, methodical recommendations.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2023.68.30

Yu. Brailko, N. Kysla

Today, a significant number of resolutions on the appointment of a forensic examination are received in criminal proceedings on the grounds of the commission of criminal offenses provided for in Art. 436-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, including the glorification of persons who carried out the armed aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine, representatives of the armed forces of the russian federation, irregular and illegal armed forces, armed gangs and groups of mercenaries, representatives of the occupation administration of the russian federation and self-proclaimed bodies under the control of the russian federation, who usurped the performance of power functions in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. Since the above-mentioned article was added to the Criminal Code of Ukraine on 03.03.2022, this problem is new for forensic examination; and actions related to glorification have been criminalized for the first time in the domestic legal system.
The purpose of the research is to highlight the current problems of the linguistic research of the phenomenon of glorification within the framework of the pre-trial investigation of criminal offenses provided for by Art. 436-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
Forensic linguistic expertise only develops approaches to the study of glorification, the definition of linguistic features of this phenomenon.
The article analyzes the judicial practice from April to September 2022, the verdicts under Art. 436-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine contained in the Unified state register of court decisions, to investigate the initial stage of the peculiarities of specific linguistic knowledge usage in the framework of criminal proceedings related to glorification.
The leading parameter for determining the presence of glorification is the heroization of actions carried out in the following linguistic ways:
– explication of lexemes with appropriate semantics; – a generalized description of exploits;
– a detailed description of the feat/feats;
– actualization of the meaning of «defender» / «defenders»;
– representation of the «winner» content plan;
– actualization of the meaning «fighter/fighters against Nazism / neo-Nazism /
fascism».
The second parameter for identifying the linguistic fact of glorification is the expression of an approving attitude, not accompanied by the semantics of heroism:
– description of leadership qualities;
– actualization of moral qualities;
– verbalization of respectful attitude and/or gratitude;
– sacralization;
– use of constructions of the desired modality;
– explication of lexemes with distinct positive and evaluative connotations.
Problems solved ambiguously by experts and specialists:
– identification of linguistic phenomena of support and glorification;
– linguistic identification of glorified objects.
Forensic linguistic examination faces the essential task of summarizing and systematizing scientific knowledge and practical experience to create a unified methodology for the study of glorification as a verbal fact.

Key words: glorification, forensic linguistic (semantic-textual) examination, linguistic fact, expert’s opinion, specialist’s opinion, verdict.