Блог

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2021.66.60

O. Pryimak

In modern expert practice, the so-called signatures made using facsimile clichés are increasingly becoming objects of research. In fact, these are not actually, signatures requiring handwritten execution, but its images, applied using certain clichés (facsimiles).
The determination of a specific method of drawing a graphic object (handwritten or not handwritten, in particular, by means of a facsimile cliché) is within the competence of a specialist in the field of forensic examination of documents. In addition, the establishment of a specific performer of the signature refers to the identification tasks of handwriting research.
The solution of handwriting problems during handwriting signatures’ research that served as originals for making facsimile clichés, the prints of which are provided for research, is in some cases possible. However, when assessing the identified signs of handwriting, the expert should take into account that with this method of drawing a graphic object, these signs are not reproduced in full, because a significant part of the handwriting information is lost.
The facsimile-recreated graphic is not a person identification. Therefore, it is unacceptable to use facsimile clichés to certify documents related to property or legal relations.

Key words: signature, facsimile, cliché, expert research, ways of making signatures

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2021.66.59

V. Kulykovska

The article presents an attempt to provide a general methodological concept of document mounting and describe its main methods and features.
The article considers practical examples in which a scheme-algorithm for conducting research is described and a logical chain of established facts is built, which helped in each case to come to a reasoned conclusion.
The article also draws attention to the fact that today the schemes for solving problems to establish the execution of documents using installation are the least developed both theoretically and scientifically-methodically – there is no single terminological approach that allows you to unambiguously interpret and evaluate the results obtained.

Key words: falsified documents by editing, establishing the fact of editing, technical editing of the document, computer-technical editing of the document

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2021.66.58

O. Mamchur

The purpose of the article is to study the issues of qualification of objects of forensic handwriting examination. Handwritten notes made on different surfaces in the system of objects of handwriting examination are considered. Specific features of the appointment and performance of handwriting examinations in relation to handwriting objects made on different surfaces are presented.
It is concluded that the identification of the performer of a particular recording is possible only when the features of the performer’s handwriting are sufficiently reflected, which in its totality are individual, that is, inherent only in the handwriting of a certain person. As a result, individual strokes and numbers that do not reflect the totality of signs of the writing of their performers, as a rule, do not allow establishing the artist of these recordings.
Despite a number of factors that make it difficult to study handwritten objects made on various surfaces, the solution of identification and some diagnostic problems for this type of objects is still possible. This possibility is determined not only by the output characteristics of the handwritten note being studied, but also by the preparation for conducting the corresponding research at all stages of the appointment and carrying out forensic handwriting examination.

Key words: object of forensic handwriting examination, classification of objects of forensic handwriting examination, handwritten objects made on different surfaces, unusual conditions for making handwritten notes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2021.66.57

S. Shkurdoda, D. Shynkarenko, V. Pasichnyk, K. Korol, O. Posilskyi

The article deals with the recommendations for the detection of isoniazid in meat products, using the example of minced meat using physicochemical methods. This study does not lose its relevance over the years, due to the use of drugs for tuberculosis for poisoning homeless and domestic animals, in particular dogs, in different regions of Ukraine, the main active ingredient of which is isoniazid. The article describes a method for the extraction of isoniazid in food products of meat origin (minced meat, sausage), which presumably could or may be used to poison domestic animals, in particular dogs. Isoniazid was identified by the methods of qualitative color reactions, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography with a mass-selective detector.
The process of qualitative identification of isoniazid in foodstuffs that could or may be used to poison domestic animals, in particular dogs, includes:
-the method of extraction and separation of interfering impurities, primarily fats, preliminary research by the method of qualitative analytical reactions;
-studies by thin layer chromatography;
-research by instrumental methods, in particular, gas chromatography with mass-selective detection.
The method for extracting isoniazid from meat products described in the article is effective and allows you to get rid of interfering substances, especially fats. In addition, the method of gas chromatography with mass-selective detection has sufficient sensitivity and selectivity. It allows with a minimum number of interfering peaks of low intensity, determine the composition of isoniazid accurately.
The specified list of instrumental base, methods and research techniques is not exhaustive. The examiner should be guided by the availability of relevant literature and the availability of appropriate analytical equipment (gas chromatograph, gas chromatograph with mass-selective detector, liquid chromatograph, liquid chromatograph with mass-selective detector, etc.). In accordance with this, it is necessary to use certain methods for studying substances. These methods are subject to mandatory verification before being used in the laboratory.
The obtained research results allow us to recommend this technique for implementation in expert practice.

Keywords: poisoning of domestic animals, drug, isoniazid, qualitative chemical reactions, thin-layer chromatography, gas, chromatography-mass spectrometry, forensic examination.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2021.66.56

O. Posilskyi, O. Savenok, I. Chaliuk, І. Burlaka

According to the requirements of regulatory documentation, there are a large number of indicators measured for asphalt concrete. Modern expert practice shows that the forensic examination of asphalt concrete although relies on the research methods specified in GOST (National Standards of Ukraine), but requires its optimization.
Carrying out field research at the objects of the road network, regulates the methodology, sequence and rules for measuring and taking samples of the road surface for laboratory tests.
The main stages of research at the objects of the road network:
I. Preparation for field research.
II. Identification of the object on the ground.
III. Inspection of the object of study in order to establish the characteristics and boundaries of the work.
IV. Fixation (photo-video shooting, topography) of the performed works.
V. Carrying out measurements of the volume of completed construction work.
VI. Sampling.
VII. Recording the results of research.
VIII. Conducting laboratory tests.
In turn, laboratory tests have the following main stages:
I. Photo of packaging, photo of samples (center marks or cuttings).
II. Numbering (marking) of research objects.
III. Measuring the thickness of the center marks layers.
IV. Mechanical separation of center marks or cuttings into layers.
V. Washing objects and drying it to constant weight.
VI. Determination of the average density of asphalt concrete.
VII. Determination of water saturation.
VIII. Making a pooled sample.
IX. Determining the amount of astringent.
X. Determination of the grain composition of the mineral part of the mixture.
XI. Determination of the actual density of the mixture by pycnometric method (for RMACM).
XII. Determination of residual porosity (for RMACM).
XIII. Reshaping of samples (for HACM).
XIV. Determination of the average density of reshaped samples.
XV. Determination of water saturation of reshaped samples.
XVI. Determination of compaction coefficient.
XVII. Determination of compressive strength.
The expert practice of the authors in this article made it possible to transform the stages of forensic examination of asphalt pavements so that the effectiveness of such examination has increased.
The proposed methodology, sequence and rules of field research on the objects of the road network in terms of sampling of pavement and subsequent laboratory tests of these samples, enable experts to provide a qualitative and objective conclusion.

Key words: asphalt concrete, selection of asphalt concrete, laboratory researches of asphalt concrete, construction and technical examination, examination of materials, substances and products.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2021.66.55

O. Koshel

The study of relief marking of metal objects is one of the constantly demanded areas of expert research, especially for objects such as weapons and vehicles.
The question of choosing a research method for these objects, which is constantly topical for an expert, acquires particular relevance in the case of rare and historical objects, new expensive products.
In the last decade, a non-destructive method of magneto-optical imaging, which was developed at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute more than 20 years ago, has been successfully applied abroad for these studies in 40 countries. During this time, the technical implementation of the method has been developed, the technical components of the complex have been significantly improved and changed.
In 2008 basing on the results of practical application on specially designed test objects, including those with three thicknesses of paint coatings, the developers carried out studies in which they assessed the sensitivity of magnetic powder, electrochemical and magneto-optical methods.
Obtained results demonstrated a higher sensitivity of the magneto-optical method for thin-walled objects and the sensitivity for thick-walled objects is not worse than other methods.
Practical application of the modern REGULA 7517 complex in expert studies under various operating conditions confirms its high sensitivity, testifies to the high speed of operation, reliability, autonomy of the complex and wide temperature conditions of use.
The high efficiency of the non-destructive method of magneto-optical imaging makes it possible to consider it as one of the most promising methods in trace studies, as well as in materials science studies, where information on the state and structure of the surface and near-surface layers of metal objects is needed.

Key words: relief marking, restore of deleted marking, non-destructive method, magneto-optical imaging

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2021.66.54

N. Zubova, S. Naumenko, V. Somov

The article briefly describes the history of the emergence and development of paper money in Ukraine, special attention is paid to the period of independence of our state. In less than 30 years, the National Bank of Ukraine has issued four generations of banknotes. As of January 01, 2021, there were about 3 billion banknotes in circulation. Among the circulated banknotes, there are also those that differ slightly from the banknotes presented by the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU). Based on the Resolution of the Board of the National Bank of Ukraine dated 03.12.2018 No. 134 (as amended) “Rules for determining payment characteristics and exchange of banknotes, exchange and circulating coins of the national currency of Ukraine”, the concepts of “banknotes with manufacturer defects” and “banknote defects” are disclosed.
The article describes the technological process of making paper money. At the first stage, sheets of special paper are made in the banknote paper factory. Further, these sheets are sent to the NBU Banknote Factory, where all the images are applied on the sheets and cutting is carried out. The authors propose to systematize the types of defects in accordance with the stage of the technological process of manufacturing banknotes, at which these defects could arise. It is also proposed to distinguish four such stages: in the process of manufacturing banknote paper; at the stage of applying images on the front and back sides of sheets using forms of offset and gravure printing; when applying serial numbers; when cutting sheets into separate banknotes. The list of possible types of defects that may arise at one stage or another of the production process is given quite fully, some of them are illustrated for clarity, and variants of defects that are found in banknotes of different generations are analyzed.
Based on the study of the problem, the authors propose an algorithm for researching such banknotes, offer options for intermediate and final expert conclusions.

Key words: banknotes of Ukraine, banknotes in circulation, banknotes with manufacturer’s defects, National Bank of Ukraine, Banknote Factory, Banknote Paper Mill.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2021.66.53

S. Naumenko

The article deals with the current situation in the study by forensic experts of holographic protective elements (hereinafter – HPE). Over the past 30 years, HPE have been actively developing and widespread, they are used both as design elements and to protect various types of documents. In its manufacture, application software and equipment are used, which provides high-resolution images and allow encoding large amounts of information. Although there are several scientific works included in the Register of methodologies for conducting forensic examinations of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, but it was written more than 20 years ago. Therefore, to conduct an expert study of HPE, it is necessary to update the methodological base, revise the approaches to its research and issues to be solved.
The article briefly outlines the design features, techniques and methods of protecting HPE that are used by its manufacturers. It is emphasized that latent images are introduced into the structure of holograms to control its authenticity, which are checked by various detectors. There are described examples of latent image decoding. It is also described an example of detecting a fake film with holographic elements that are very similar to the original. At the same time, when examining the fake film, it was found that there are no microtext and the hidden abbreviation “MBС” (in Ukrainian).
As a result of the research carried out, the author proposes to accept the results of verification of the elements of control of the authenticity of the HPE, in order to substantiate the probable conclusion about the conformity or inconsistency of the hologram. In addition, the presence of significant differences in the common features of the studied HPE and the sample, in the author’s opinion, is a sufficient basis for the conclusion about the discrepancy between the holographic images and the sample. Therefore, experts of the questioned document examination can carry out such studies, with certain restrictions.

Key words: holographic security elements, studies of holograms, documents on a plastic basis, counterfeiting of holographic security elements.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2021.66.52

O. Аnanin

According to the requirements of international law, the protective elements of documents confirming an identity or its special status and give the right to cross the state border must correspond to the maximum level of security. Modern expert practice testifies to the presence of a number of shortcomings in the protection of a passport of a citizen of Ukraine for traveling abroad with a contactless electronic carrier.
The main way to forge passport documents is to make unauthorized changes to the original data page. The main identifier, on the data page, is the bearer’s photographic image. Therefore, it is subject to unauthorized changes in the first place.
The main changes are made in the photographic image of the bearer and the duplicate image. The solution to the problem of their additional protection is possible by introducing additional special means. In particular, destructive holograms and Transparent Window technology (from Trüb, Gemalto Group (Sealys Window Lock)). Making any changes leaves noticeable traces that are easily identified by a simple visual method, without the use of special devices.
In addition, for supplemental protection, it is advisable to apply the document number by laser perforation to the bearer’s photographic image. When mechanically interfering with the photographic image, the license plate is damaged, which leaves noticeable traces, which are determined by a simple visual method (look at the clearance). Some of these solutions have already been implemented in today’s passport documents of Lithuania, the Netherlands and Finland.
Special attention should be paid to the contactless electronic data carrier based on RFID technology (RFID device). Its disadvantage is an external antenna (RFID antenna), which is performed by traditional technology – copper (copper substrate) engraving. Such an antenna is easily susceptible to mechanical damage if the document is handled carelessly. Because of this, it becomes difficult to verify the identity of the bearer. Offenders, specially disabling the antenna, use this disadvantage. Currently, the most economical way of making antennas for RFID devices is printing with conductive inks (printing method). The cost of conductive paints is lower than that of traditional technologies using metal substrates. In addition, conductive paints have a much higher resistance to mechanical damage than their counterparts from copper substrates.
The proposed innovative means of protection, which have already been tested in the identification documents of the states of the European Union. They are capable of preventing unauthorized changes required by offenders.
It is advisable to single out the following areas as a direction for further research: laser technologies; holography; printing and technical properties of polymeric materials.

Key words: passport of a citizen of Ukraine for travel abroad, forgery of documents, methods of protection, questioned document examination, border control.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2021.66.51

A. Ovannisian

The need to write this article is due to the linguistic situation, that has developed, in particular, in Ukraine, when, as a result of the activation of migration processes, the object of forensic research is increasingly becoming speech with foreign language elements. Based on this, an acute problem arises of developing methodological approaches to the forensic study of speech material with signs of interlingual interference, its distinction from common speech using foreign language elements (pidgin in Ukrainian realities), and, if necessary, the appearance of signs of imitation of speech in a non-native language.
The article deals with the universal basic criteria for establishing signs of interlingual interference: consistency, complexity, predictability, stability of their manifestation, which makes it possible to distinguish them from signs of speech in the native language, and, no less important, from signs of pidgin or imitation, which do not have the above properties.
The possibilities of obtaining useful information in the process of studying speech with signs of interlingual interference are also analyzed, which concerns, in particular:
1) establishing whether the speaker is a native speaker of the language in which he speaks;
2) establishing the native language of the speaker (provided that the expert is fluent in this language);
3) establishing whether the participants in the polylogue or dialogue are speakers of one or different languages;
4) conducting an identification study of speech in a non-native language of two speakers of the same language, etc.
Proceeding from the fact that interlingual interference is, in fact, a complex feature that can be unambiguously established only if its manifestations are recorded at different linguistic levels, the article discusses possible forms of its implementation in phonetic, prosodic, morphological, lexical, syntactic, ethnolinguistic levels.
As specific examples of a comprehensive study of the signs of interlanguage interference, the article sets out the systems of the main signs of interlanguage interference that can be recorded in the speech in Russian of the native speakers of the Ukrainian language and in the speech in the Ukrainian language of the native speakers of the Russian language.

Key words: accent, bilingualism, deviations from the linguistic norm, imitation, interlingual interference, speech systems, earrings, intensity of manifestation of signs, frequency of manifestation of signs.